Grace

= = //﻿Hello! Welcome to my wiki page! //





A Bit About Me

Favorite Animals: Red Panda, Giraffe
I did a word cloud about the Al Capone series. Click here to check it out: http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/2891218/The_Al_Capone_Series 30 words that start with "K" word cloud: http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/2959424/30_Words_that_start_with_%22K%22

I Found a website called __kitty cat bliss__. It's a website that's crazy for **CATS!** They have some facts about cats that I thought were cool SO, I put them on my page. If you want to check out the website click here: __http://kittycatbliss.com/home.html__

Fun Cat Facts

15. Indoor cats live significantly longer than outdoor cats. An indoor cat can live up to 20 years or more while an outdoor cat's lifespan averages 2-5 years.
Because I did Cat Facts I decided to do Dog facts.

=Fun Dog Facts =



== Dogs can smell about 1,000 times better than humans. While humans have 5 million smell-detecting cells, dogs have more than 220 million. The part of the brain that interprets smell is also four times larger in dogs than in humans. ==

= My First Enrichment Project =

Order from left to right: Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Ringo Starr, George Harrison
= My Second Enrichment Project =

For my second enrichment project, I made an electric motor.


= My Third Enrichment Project =

For my third enrichment project, I did a lesson on how to use a mathematical compass.


== The __one__ thing that I enjoy about winter is the snow. I personally think that there is no point to cold weather if there is no snow. ==



I very much enjoyed writing my research paper. Here is my research paper.

= The Skeletal System = = December 2010 = = Morah Gannon =

1. Introduction 2. Bone Structure and Growth 3. How Bones are Connected 4. Joints 5. The Skull 6. The Ribs 7. The Spine 8. The Arm 9. The Forearm 10. The Hand 11. The Thigh 12. The Leg 13. The Foot 14. The Knee-cap 15. Cartilage 16. Bone Cancer and other Diseases 17. Fractures 18. Conclusion 19. Bibliography The skeletal system is a very important part of the body. Every one of the 206 bones in your body tells a story about your age, gender, and height and weight. Your skeleton protects very important organs in your body. Without the skeletal system we would not be able to continue with our everyday life. The parts of the bone are osteon, periosteum, compact (hard) bone, cancellous (soft) bone, epiphyseal plate, a medullary cavity, and hyaline cartilage. Bones are hardened cartilage that continually break down and rebuild, changing its shape and repairing itself after an injury. Bone marrow is the tissue found in side of bones. In humans, bone marrow produces new red blood cells. Long bones are divided into three sections, as you can see on the right side of the picture. The epiphysis is an end of a long bone; there are two of these sections on every long bone. The diaphysis is the middle of a long bone Ligaments connect bones to each other. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Where bones meet one another is called a joint. Muscles which cause movement of a joint are connected to two different bones and contract to pull them together. For example, the contraction of the biceps and a relaxation of the triceps produce a bend at the elbow. A joint is the place where two bones come together. There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. The types of joints are ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid joints. The skull is the bony framework of the head. It includes eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones. The cranial bones make up the protective frame of bone around the brain. The facial bones make up your face. Your skull is flexible when you are very young to allow your skull to grow with the rest of your body. The ribs are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body. There are 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs. The ribs form a cage that protects your lungs, kidneys, heart, liver, spleen and stomach. The first seven sets of ribs are called true ribs because they are directly connected to the sternum by costal cartilage. The next three sets of ribs are called false ribs because they are not directly connected to the sternum. Instead they are connected to the last set of true ribs by costal cartilage. The last two sets of ribs are called floating ribs because they are not connected to the other ribs at all. The spine consists of a series of 33 oddly shaped bones, called vertebrae. These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the spine. The first seven vertebrae are called the cervical vertebrae located at the top of the spine. The next twelve vertebrae are called the thoracic vertebrae. The next five vertebrae are called the lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae. The bottom of the spinal column is called the coccyx or tailbone. Many muscles connect to the coccyx. The upper arm consists of a single long bone called the humerus. The top of the humerus is large, smooth, and rounded and fits into the scapula in the shoulder. On the bottom of the humerus, are two depressions where the humerus connects to the ulna and radius. The radius is connected on the side away from the body and the ulna is connected on the side towards the body. Together, the humerus and the ulna make up the elbow. The forearm is the region between the elbow and the wrist. The radius and the ulna form it. The ulna is longer than the radius and connected more firmly to the humerus. The radius contributes more to the movement of the wrist and hand than the ulna. The hand consists of three parts and 27 bones. The wrist consists of 8 small bones called the carpal bones that are tightly bound by ligaments. These bones are arranged in two rows of four bones each. The palm has five bones, one aligned with each of the fingers. The bases of the metacarpal, or palm, bones are connected to the wrist bones and the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers. The fingers are made up of 14 bones called phalanges. A single finger bone is called a phalanx. The thigh is the region between the hip and the knee, and is composed of a single bone called the femur or thighbone. The femur is the longest, largest, and strongest bone in the body. The leg is formed by the fibula on the side away from the body and the tibia, on the side nearest to the body. The tibia connects to the femur to form the knee joint and with the talus, a foot bone, to allow the ankle to flex and extend. The tibia is larger than the fibula because it bears most of the weight, while the fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment. The foot contains the 26 bones. The largest ankle, or tarsal, bone is called the calcaneus or heel bone. The talus rests on top of the calcaneus and is connected to the tibia. The foot's arch is formed by the structure and arrangement of the bones and is maintained by tendons and ligaments. The arch gives when weight is placed on the foot and spring back when the weight is lifted off of the foot. The arch may fall due to a weakening of the ligaments and tendons in the foot. The patella or kneecap is a large, triangular bone between the femur and the tibia. The patella protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon that forms the knee. The thigh, leg, foot and patella bones are the heaviest, largest, and strongest bones in the body because they must bear the entire weight of the body when a person is standing in the upright position. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, and the ankle. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. Cartilage does not contain blood vessels. Because of this, it heals very slowly. Bone cancer is a cancerous tumor of the bone that destroys normal bone tissue. Not all bone tumors are cancerous. In fact, non-cancerous bone tumors are more common than cancerous tumors. Both cancerous and non-cancerous bone tumors may grow and compress healthy bone tissue, but non-cancerous tumors do not spread, do not destroy bone tissue, and are rarely a threat to life. Bone diseases either happen when you get older, or if you get an infection that can spread to bone. Some bone diseases are, Osteomalacia which involves softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of __vitamin D__ or problems with the metabolism of this vitamin. Osteomalacia means soft bones. Like osteoporosis, osteomalacia weakens the bones and makes bones more likely to break. Rickets is an abnormal bone formation in children resulting from not enough calcium in their bones. This lack of calcium can result from inadequate dietary calcium, not enough exposure to sunshine (needed to make vitamin D), or from not eating enough vitamin D. Bone fractures come in many different types. Here is a description of some of them. Avulsion fracture which occurs when a muscle or ligament pulls on the bone, fracturing it. Comminuted fracture where the bone is shattered into many pieces. Compression (crush) fracture which generally occurs in the spongy bone in the spine. For example, the front portion of a vertebra in the spine may collapse due to osteoporosis. Fracture dislocation is where a joint becomes dislocated, and one of the bones of the joint has a fracture. A greenstick fracture is where the bone partly fractures on one side, but does not break completely because the rest of the bone can bend. More common among children, whose bones are softer. A hairline fracture is where there is a partial fracture of the bone. Often this type of fracture is harder to detect. An impacted fracture is when the bone is fractured; one fragment of bone goes into another. A longitudinal fracture is where the break is along the length of the bone. An oblique fracture is a fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. A pathological fracture is when an underlying disease or condition has already weakened the bone, resulting in a fracture. A spiral fracture is a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted. A Stress fracture is more common among athletes. A bone breaks because of repeated stresses and strains. A torus (buckle) fracture is bone that deforms but does not crack. This is more common in children and it is painful but stable. A transverse fracture is a straight break right across a bone. The skeletal system is a very important part of the body. The skeletal system helps make sure that your important organs do not become injured. It helps you stand, sit, and run. Without the skeletal system we would not be able to continue our everyday life.

Applegate, Edith. “The Skeletal System.” W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 1995. <[|http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/ humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html].> Calabresi, Linda. __Human Body.__ New York: Simon & Schuster Books For Young Readers, 2008. Clayman, Charles. __The Human Body: An Illustrated Guide to Its__ __Structure, Function, and Disorders.__ New York: Dorling Kindersley Pub, 1995. Fetzer, Scott. “S-Sn.” __The World Book Encyclopedia.__ World Book Inc, 2002. Parker, Steve. __Human Body.__ New York: DK Publishing, 2004. Walker, Richard. __DK Online Human Body.__ New York: DK Publishing, 2004. Wood, Selina. Human Body. New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2002.

= Student Council Speech =